I have a vague recollection that the intensity knob on a minimoog is what is normally called resonance on most filter modules... including modules that are modelled after moog filters...
I'm pretty sure that the nifty case does not include a vca... iirc it includes a very basic midi->cv functionality, a dual 1/8" -> 1/4" converter and a multiple (to make a copy of a signal)...
most envelope generators work best with gates... sustain (the S in ADSR) controls really only control the level of sustain not the lehgth - so need the gate to be held open to actually sustain
yes basically the intensity knob is an attenuator which controls the amount of the envelope is applied to the intensity (resonance)
almost always when you see an A in modular it's attenuation, even if the module calls itself an amplifier - VCAs for example - you need to read the module specifications as to how much gain is involved - most VCAs for example are unity gain, and as such are effectively voltage controlled attenuators...
you may or may not need an output module or attenuator to put between the output of the filter and the nifty case output... it really depends what you are sending it to... a lot of modernish mixers and audio interfaces can cope with modular levels - I often used to use a yamaha mg10 and could plug straight into it... if you experience clipping then you do, if you don't you don't!
you will almost definitely want to amplify the output from any other synth though... as this will be at line level which is considerably lower than modular level... and filters will expect modular levels and generally like to be driven a bit... again research, research, research - cheaper ones can be a bit on the noisy side... the doepfer a-119 for instance is known for it's grittiness to put it mildly... the befaco instrument interface is quite quiet... also available as DIY...
if you get an input module with an envelope follower built into it, both the modules I've mentioned do, you may be able to get away without midi-CV or an envelope module - just feed the envelope follower output into the resonance input of the filter...
I wouldn't recommend anything you've listed above though... none of them are really keepers...
I'd suggest doing more research (it's one of the major ways of not spending money in eurorack) to find the actual modules that you really want - this involves google and finding, for example, the best moog-like filter (it'll be a low pass ladder filter with 34db/oct iirc), then going to youtube and watching demos of different ones to work out which you like the best and then preferably going to an actual shop to demo one before you buy, or buying a used one (here and modwiggler are good for that) - don't just buy something because it's cheap - there are reasons why some modules are cheap... doepfer are reasonably inexpensive (only a little bit more expensive than the b-compnay) and they have a good reputation, unlike the b-company...
for example this module https://www.modulargrid.net/e/ajh-synth-minimod-transistor-ladder-filter is supposed to be a very good modular version of a minimoog filter - it may be available at thomann, but there are many other modular specialist stores in the EU & I'd buy one from them if possible, or get a used one... there's a list of modular stores in the EU (and worldwide) that stock eurorack modules and accessories in the stickies of the 1u and 3u subforum on modwiggler... you'll get much better service with any of these than with the bigger box shifters like thomann or musicstore... and prices are generally about the same...
if you buy used and then decide to sell it it may only cost you the postage (as you'll probably be able to sell it for a similar price to what you paid for it) - most modules will depreciate by 20-30% once they are out of the store, cheaper ones may be very difficult to resell for even 50%... same goes for cases... if you do buy used from a private seller on a website - make sure not to use friends and family (and take the small hit on cost)
this module may also be worth looking at: https://www.modulargrid.net/e/doepfer-a-120
same for envelope generators - you probably want an ADSR type...
most of us suffer from GAS from time to time - although it gets less and less... there's a reason that they call eurorack eurocrack...
"some of the best base-level info to remember can be found in Jim's sigfile" @Lugia
Utility modules are the dull polish that makes the shiny modules actually shine!!!
sound sources < sound modifiers < modulation sources < utilities